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AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS: An association of university and college faculty established in 1915 to protect academic freedom. Commonly abbreviated AAUP, this association is the closest thing university faculty have to a labor union. While it does engage in some collective bargaining functions with specific universities, similar to traditional labor unions, its primary function is to ensure that faculty maintain intellectual or academic freedom from political of social pressures.
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                           ABILITY-TO-PAY PRINCIPLE: A taxation principle stating that taxes should be based on the ability to pay taxes. The ability-to-pay principle works from the proposition that those who have the greatest income should pay the most taxes. The ability-to-pay principle is the only reasonable way to finance the provision of public goods such as national defense, public health, and environmental quality. This is one of two taxation principles. The other is the benefit principle, which states taxes should be based on the benefits received. The ability-to-pay principle states that taxes should be based on the ability to pay taxes, that is, those who have more income should pay more taxes. This principle also makes a great deal of sense, especially for the provision of public goods that are consumed by all. If everyone benefits from public goods, without exclusion, then everyone should pay. However, not everyone CAN pay, so those who CAN afford to pay, need to bear the burden.Fair and equitable application of the ability-to-pay principle also entails that those with the same income pay the same taxes and those with different incomes pay different taxes. These are termed horizontal equity and vertical equity, respectively. A Transfer of IncomeTaxes are a means of transferring the purchasing power of income from members of society to governments. Government is able to provide public goods and undertake government operations if it has command over resources. This command is achieved with taxes, with the transfer of income from members of society. Income can only be transferred from those who have income. This is the basis for the ability-to-pay principle.Taking this notion a step further, those who have more income can afford to pay more taxes, that is, they have a greater ability to pay. In addition, even though taxes are imposed on a wide range of tax bases (sales, property, wealth), all taxes are ultimately paid with income. The ability-to-pay principle then implies that the best generate the revenue needed for government operations is collect taxes on income, ALL income without exclusion. All income should be included, not just wage earnings, or corporate profits, or income used for consumption, or just the income remaining after a myriad of special deductions or exemptions. A Matter of EfficiencyIn fact, the only efficient way to provide public goods, goods that are nonrival in consumption, is through the ability-to-pay principle. Because efficiency requires that public goods be provided at a zero price to members of society, tax payments cannot be in any way attached to who benefits. If tax payments are perceived as a price based on benefits received, then efficiency is not achieved. The revenue generated to finance the provision of public goods must be based on some other criterion. The ability that members of society have to pay taxes is as good as any and better than most.Equity: Horizontal and VerticalThe ability-to-pay principle has two additional criteria. It also seems "fair" and equitable that those with the same ability to pay should pay the same taxes and those with different abilities should pay different taxes. More specifically these are termed horizontal equity and vertical equity.- Horizontal Equity: This tax equity principle states that people with the same ability to pay taxes should pay the same amount of taxes. Suppose, for example, that Jonathan McJohnson earns $50,000 of income as a junior executive at OmniConglomerate, Inc. and pays $5,000 income taxes, a rate of 10%. Horizontal equity results if Manny Mustard, the proprietor of Manny Mustard's House of Sandwich, pays a like $5,000 of taxes on a like $50,000 of income earned from his sandwich-making business.
- Vertical Equity: This tax equity principle states that people with a different ability to pay taxes should pay a different amount of taxes. Once again, let's say that Jonathan McJohnson earns $50,000 of income as a junior executive at OmniConglomerate, Inc. and pays $5,000 income taxes, a rate of 10%. Vertical equity results if Lisa Quirkenstone, a clerk at the MegaMart Discount Warehouse Supercenter, pays $500 of taxes on $5,000 of income earned from her job, also 10%. Jonathan has greater ability and pays more taxes.
Benefit PrincipleAn alternative to the ability-to-pay principle is the benefit principle, which states that taxes should be based on the benefits received, that is, those who receive the greatest benefits should pay the most taxes. On the surface, this principle is quite logical and easily justified. The people who benefit from public goods are logically the ones who should pay for their provision. Drivers should pay for highways, library patrons should pay for libraries, students should pay tuition, camping enthusiasts should pay for national parks, and the list goes on.However, the benefit principle does not work well for the efficient provision of public (and near-public) goods. Due to nonrival consumption, such goods are efficiently allocated with a zero price. If those who benefit directly from a public or near-public good pay a price equal to the value derived, as would be the case for private goods, then the "quantity demanded" declines and so too does the overall level of benefit generated. This is not efficient.
Recommended Citation:ABILITY-TO-PAY PRINCIPLE, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2024. [Accessed: May 8, 2024].
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time flipping through the yellow pages hoping to buy either a large, stuffed giraffe or a birthday greeting card for your aunt. Be on the lookout for broken fingernail clippers.
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Approximately three-fourths of the U.S. paper currency in circular contains traces of cocaine.
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